WatuCrash

1. Urithi Tanga Museum The museum is housed in what used to be the “old boma” — a colonial-era government house built by the German colonial administration in the 1890s. It displays historical photos and artifacts documenting Tanga’s past: colonial administration, the sisal industry, and urban heritage. Visiting the museum gives good insight into how Tanga developed under German and British rule. 2. Amboni Caves Located about 8 km north of Tanga city centre (in Kiomoni), the Amboni Caves are one of the most extensive limestone cave systems in East Africa. The caves formed around 150 million years ago, revealing a deep geological history. For generations, local ethnic groups regarded the caves as sacred sites. One cave is open for guided tours today, offering a mix of natural wonder and historical-cultural context. 3. Tongoni Ruins About 20–25 km south of Tanga city, Tongoni was a medieval Swahili settlement (14th–15th century). The site contains a ruined mosque and a large collection of ancient pillar-style tombs. Visiting Tongoni offers a glimpse into the early Swahili/Islamic era on the coast, long before colonial times. 4. Toten Island (Island of the Dead) This small island lies just off Tanga harbour, inside the bay. Historically it was inhabited, but by the late 19th century the population moved to the mainland. On the island are ruins of old mosques, tombs and graves from the Swahili/Islamic period, as well as 18th–19th century colonial-era ruins. The island once served as a prison under Portuguese rule and later as a European graveyard, giving it the name “Island of the Dead.” 5. Historic Architecture & Old-Town Heritage The central part of Tanga — the 'Old Town' — features many colonial-era buildings, including residences, courts, and administrative structures. Typical architecture includes coral-stone walls, wooden balconies and carved doors — blending Swahili, Indian/Arab, and European styles. Landmarks include the old railway station, courthouse, and colonial hospital building. 6. Islands, Coastline, and Marine-Heritage Surroundings The broader maritime area around Tanga — including small islands like Ulenge Island and Yambe Island — holds ruins, coral-rag geology, and reminders of centuries of coastal settlement and trade. Exploring the coastline and islands gives a different historical dimension beyond the colonial heritage in town. Why these matter - Multilayered heritage: From ancient Swahili-Islamic settlements to German & British colonial architecture. - Accessibility: Many sites are within easy reach of Tanga city (e.g., Amboni Caves 8 km north; Tongoni ~25 km south). - Guided experiences: Museum, caves, and ruins offer curated tours with stories and artefacts. - Variety: From caves and ruins to architecture and islands, Tanga offers diverse historical experiences.

THE DYNAMIC EARTH AND CONSEQUENCES The Dynamic earth and Consequence: Is a topic which deal with critical studying and explaning about the formation of continents and the all major changes which are taking place or operating under the influence of the earth movement as well as their associated features on the earth surface. The term "dynamic" means something which can change. 1.0 THE ISOSTATATIC ADJUSTMENT The term Isostacy originated from two Greek words which are Iso: which means Equal and Stacy: which means standing. Therefore by combination of two words is Isostacy which Means "Equal standing or state of equilibrium". Isostacy: is the state of finding balance beween the weight of the earth earth crust both continental crust (SIAL) and the oceanic crust (SIMA) over the lower mantle. (Asthenosphere). This means that the earth crust and their major features are in motion to find the balance or equilibrium over the lower mantle (Asthenosphere) which are in semi liquid form. If the weight of continental rocks increase in one area due to denudation, another materials from the volcanic activities are replacing the weight to keep the balance of the earth crust. For example large volcanic eruption or sediment deposition in a river delta, the extra weight disrupts the balance in the area causing a sinking movement. On the other hand, if the weight of continental rock in an area is decreased by long term denudation the reduced weight causes uplift. These vertical loading and unloading movements are called isostatic adjustments. They are taking place slowly over thousands years but they maintain the balance between the oceanic and continental crust or rocks. Asthenosphere: is the semi molten layer which is responsible for creating a balance movement of the earth’s material called isostatic readjustment. However the asthenosphere is the lowe mantle which has been investigated that is found between 100 to 200km below the upper surface. 2.0 THEORY OF ISOSTACY The Isostacy theory, was developed by the American seismologist and geologist called Clarence Dutton in 1841-1912. The theory state that, The earth crust (SIAL and SIMA) and their major features are maintained in a sort of equilubrium or are in motion towards the equilibrium. The theory assumes that there is gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle in a way that the crust floats on the molten rock of upper mantle (Lithosphere) like raft floating in water rather than resting on the mantle like a raft sinking on the ground. The theory state that the lithosphere which has a density of about 2.7 g/cm³ floats in the asthenosphre which has constant density of about 3.3g/cm³ . The theory further explained that there is state of gravitational eiquilibrium between the earth's lithosphere (crust) and the asthenosphere. Denudation has been going on the continents where tons and tons of materials are removed from mountains (highlands) and get deposited in ocean (low land) but the mountains are not reduced to the sea level. However the theory conclude that any disturbance which occur in the crust resulted in to the occurrence of sinking movement or uplifting of the lithosphere. Therefore under this context the highland areas is the centre of denudation while the lowland areas is the centre of deposition. For example: When denudation removes the materials from mountains there is pressure released, uplifting of the lithosphete occurs where the materials removed to create Isostatic balance. If the material is deposited on the sea bed there is compression which result in to vertical movements by means of volcanic eruption.

PLEASE PRAY FOR HONG KONG! 💔 At least 36 people have lost their lives after a massive fire tore through multiple high-rise apartment buildings in a Hong Kong housing complex. Officials say seven of the eight towers were ablaze at one point, and firefighters are still battling to reach residents trapped on higher floors. The complex is home to many elderly residents, and authorities report that 279 people are currently “uncontactable.” Another 29 remain hospitalized, with seven in critical condition. Hong Kong’s chief executive has called the blaze one of the city’s deadliest in nearly three decades. Photos and videos show flames climbing through bamboo scaffolding that lined the buildings, a material long used in construction across the city but difficult to control once ignited. We send our sincerest condolences to the dozens of families who lost their loved ones in this heartbreaking tragedy.

i. Explorers ii. Missionaries iii. Traders I. EXPLORERS a. David Livingstone: Was the first European to see Lake Nyasa. He died in 1973 b. John Hanning Speke: Was the first European to see Lake Victoria and was the one who named it lake Victoria as it was initially known as Lake Nyanza c. Richard Burton d. Henry Morton Stanley  Roles/objectives of explorers in facilitating colonialism i. To identify areas with fertile soil and good climatic condition ii. To investigate areas rich in minerals and navigable rivers iii. To explore commodities available iv. To identify areas with large population v. To assess African culture II. MISSIONARIES a. John Ludwig Krapf: He wrote the bible in Kiswahili b. Johannes Rebman: He was the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro c. Dr. David Livingstone: He was both an explorer and a missionary  Roles/objectives of Missionaries i. To spread Christianity ii. Introduction of western education focused on 3Rs (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic) iii. Spreading European culture iv. To soften Africans hearts so as to accept colonialism v. Abolition of Slave trade  MISSIONARIES ORGANIZATIONS THAT SENT THEIR REPRESENTATIVES IN AFRICA i. Church Missionary Society (CMS) ii. University Mission’s to Central Africa (UMCA) iii. Lutheran Church iv. White Fathers Mission v. Moravian Church Mission iii. TRADERS a. William Mackinnon: BEACO b. Carl Peters: GEACO c. Cecil Rhodes: BSACO d. George Goldie: RNCO e. Charles Stokes: He was operating his business activities at Unyanyembe-Tabora and he was very successful because he had good relationship with the locat people and he avoided conflicts with Arabs  Why did William Mackinnon fail in his trading activities in Tanganyika?  Because he lacked support from the British government  Why Carl Peters is very famous in our history?  Because he signed fake treaties with African local chiefs like Chief Mangungo of Msovero and Mangi Meli Rindi of Kilimanjaro  Why local chiefs signed fake treaties?  They did not understand the terms and conditions of the treaties because they were written in foreign language (German language)  What was the treaty between Mangungo and Carl Peters all about?  To put the whole area of Msovero under the German rule  POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE EUROPEANS i. Introduction of new cash crops like tea, coffee, cassava and sisal ii. Abolition of slave trade iii. Spread of Christianity iv. Establishment of social services like schools and hospitals v. Improvement and establishment of infrastructures like roads and railways  NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE EUROPEANS i. Destruction of African culture ii. Exploitation of our resources like minerals THE PARTITION OF AFRICA  Scramble for means the struggle to get something  Partition means dividing something  Scramble for and partition of the African continent took place during the last quarter of 19th century after industrial revolution in Europe.  The first European country to undergo industrial revolution was Britain (1750s-1850s)  Reasons for Scramble for and partition of Africa i. To find areas for investment ii. To find areas for markets iii. To find raw-materials iv. To get cheap labourers v. To get areas for investing capitals  Areas which were scrambled much in Africa i. Coastal strips ii. Areas with good climate iii. Areas with fertile soil iv. Areas rich in minerals v. Areas with big water bodies vi. Areas with high population  Berlin conference 1884/1885  Was an imperialists conference which was held in Berlin City in Germany with the aim of dividing African continent peacefully among the European nations under the Chairperson Otto Von Bismarck  Berlin conference was attended by 14 European nations but two of them were just observers because they were claiming nothing in Africa  The countries that attended the conference as an observers were i. USA ii. Denmark  Resolutions/agreements of Berlin conference i. Abolition of slave trade ii. Effective occupation iii. Free navigable rivers iv. Notification v. Protection of the agents of colonialism vi. King Leopold II was recognized as the ruler of Congo  The partition of East Africa  East Africa was not partitioned during the Berlin Conference since it was left under the control of Germany and Britain. These two countries signed two treaties to legalize their presence in East Africa i. 1886: First Anglo-Germany treaty/Delimitation treaty  Germans were given Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi which were the known as German East Africa and the area from Witu to the north of Mombasa.  British were given the area which is today Kenya.  The Sultan of Zanzibar remained with the islands of Pemba, Unguja and the strip of 16 kilometers along the East Africa coast ii. 1890: Heligoland treaty  This treaty was the modification of Delimitation treaty. In this treaty there was the reallocation of the boundaries and the partition of the areas which were not partitioned before like Uganda.  The agreements made were i. Uganda was given to British so British had Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar (British East Africa) ii. Germany agreed that the British would rule over Witu, Zanzibar and the whole area under the Sultan iii. The British agreed to give Heligoland Island in the North Sea to the Germans. The Germans liked Heligoland Island because it was an important navy marine base to them iv. The 16-Kilometres strip were taken from the Sultan of Zanzibar and given to Germany  Note: The common method used to establish colonialism was Conquest  At the beginning they used Chartered Companies to rule the colonies but later on they failed to operate. Example of these companies were GEACO under Carl Peters and BEACO under William Mackinnon AFRICAN HEROES WHO RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONQUESTS

1. 10 ml of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with 100ml of oxygen and the mixture exploded in a eudiometer tube. The volume of the mixture after cooling was reduced to 90ml which upon treatment with potash solution was further reduced to 70ml. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. 2. 8ml of hydrocarbon were exploded with 70ml of O2, the resulting gas volume was measured under the same conditions of atmosphere ( temperature) and pressure and was found to be 58ml. This on shaking with a solution of KOH decreases to 26ml. A hydrocarbon gave a red ppt with ammonical CuCl solution. Determine the structural formula of the hydrocarbon. 3. An Iodoalkane A ( 0.85g) was boiled under reflux with 100cc and 0.125M NaOH aqueous solution. The resulting mixture after cooling was titrated with 0.125M HCl. 60cc of the acid was required for complete neutralization. Give the molecular formula of the Iodoalkane and hence suggest the structure. 4. An alkene A contains one double bond per molecule 0.56g of bromine is required to react completely with 0.294 of A. Ozonolysis of A followed by hydrolysis of then by oxidation gave a monocarboxylic acid B. 0.74g of the acid needed 100cc of 0.1M NaOH solution for neutralization. Ditermine the structural formula of A and B ( Br = 80g/mol). 5. A gaseous organic compound A contains carbon and hydrogen only. A volume of A require an equal volume of H for complete reduction of B. A react with HCl to produce C, containing 37.2% C , 7.7% H, and 5.5% Cl. C reacts with KCN to produce D. D react with NaOH to produce alkaline gas and with dilute H2SO4 to produce E. Give the structural formula of A, B, C, D, and E. 6. Compound R decolourizes bromine water to give S ( C6H13OBr). R decolourizes acidified KMnO4 solution to give T( C6H1402). Ozonolysis of R gives to products U ( C2H4O) and V ( C4H8O). Give a structural formula of HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 2 each compound R, S, T, U and V and write the chemical reactions to show the reaction taking place in each. 7. A bromohydrocarbon contain 52.9% of Bromine, was treated with alcoholic potash and the resulting products was oxidized with hot concentrated KMnO4. Two compounds A and B was formed. A contains 40.4% C, 5.73%H. 0.2g of A needed 33.3cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for neutralization. B is a oketone containing 62.1%C, 10.43%H and a vapour density 29. Identify the hydrocarbon and the structural formula of A and B. Explain the reaction mentioned. 8. Un unsaturated hydrocarbon A ( C4H8) on ozonolysis followed by hydrolysis gave an alkanone B (C3H6O) and alkanal C (CH2O). A reacted with hydrogen chloride then with magnesium under dry ether to produce E which when hydrolysed in acidic medium produced F. Compound G is isomeric to A, on ozonolysis followed by hydrolysis gave only H (C2H4O). Bromination of G produced I which when reacted with alcoholic KOH solution produced J. Treatment of J with sodium amine produced K. Determine the structural formula of all compounds from A to K. 9. Compound A (C3H8O) reacts with Na to produce B and hydrogen gas. A reacts with PCl5 to give C and hydrogen chloride, C reacts with Zn/cu couple in HCl acid to give D and C also reacts with Mg in dry ether to give E which reacts with H2O to give D. E also reacts with CO2 to give F (C4H7OMgCl) with on hydrolysis give G. (i) Identify compound A to G (ii) Write down balanced equation for the reactions in each step (iii) Give one isomer of A which does not react in the same way. 10. Compound X ( C6H13OH) evolve H gas with metallic sodium. It gives an Immediate separate layer in the Lucas test on reacting with Zn and HCl and rapidly hydrated on acid treatment, oxidation of the alkene resulting from dehydration gives a neutral compound Y formula C4H8O and an acid substance Z formula C2H2O2. Determine the structural formula of the original compound and of the neutral and the acidic substance whose molecular formula HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 3 are given above. 11. Compound P ( C6H12O2) was boiled with an aqueous solution of NaOH and the product was acidified. Equimolar amount of Q and R were isolated. Q evolve CO2 when mixed with NaHCO3 when 25cm3 of a solution of Q containing 5.92g/dm3 are titrated with 0.1M NaOH, 20cc were required for neutralization with POP indicator. Treatment of R with acidified K2Cr2O7 solution gave S wich is a methyl ketone. Determine the structure of P, Q, R and S. 12. 4.52mg of an organic compound X, contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, on combustion produces 9.2mg of carbon dioxide and 2.88mg of water. (a) Calculate the percentage composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (b) Calculate the relative molar ratio of each element in compound X 13. 20cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon CXHY was mixed with 140cm3(excess) oxygen and exploded. After cooling the products, the mixture occupied 100cm3. Absorption by concentrated potassium hydroxide solution reduced the volume by 60cm3. The remaining gas was shown to be oxygen. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. (pressure constant at 1atm). 14. The compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only gave the following percentage composition by mass: 69.8% C, 11.6% H, and 18.6% O. The molecular mass as determined by elevation of boiling point of water was 86g/mol. Calculation the molecular formula of the compound. 15. (a) An organic compound P contains 54.5% carbon, 9.1% hydrogen and 36.4% oxygen. The victor Meyer determination of vapour density of P gave a value of 44. Determine the molecular formula of the compound P. (b) Given that 0.54g of an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only, yield 1.03g of carbon dioxide and 0.64g of water on complete combustion. (i) Calculate the empirical formula of the organic compound (ii) Given that the vapour density of the compound is 23, find its molecular formula. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 4 16. (a) When 1.265g of an organic compound A as burnt in excess oxygen, 0.63g of water and 0.841g of carbon dioxide were produced at s.t.p. The sodium fusion test solution from 1.265g of A, gave 1.435g of silver chloride when silver nitrate was added. The relative molecular mass of A as determined experimentally was 130.5. Give the molecular formula of A. (b) An organic compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and bromine. The percentage of hydrogen in the compound is 2.13. After suitable treatment 0.282g of X gave a residue of 0.564g of silver bromide. The vapour density of X (compared with that of hydrogen) was about 94. Find the molecular formula of X. 17. (a)200cm3 of ethyne gas (C2H2) were obtained by treatment of 0.64g of commercial calcium carbide (CaC2) samplewith water at 270C and a pressure of one atmosphere. Calculate the percentage purity of the calcium carbide rock which was used ( Equation: CaC2 + 2 H2O C2H2 + Ca(HO)2 (b) How can u determine the composition by mass of hydrogen and carbon in the ethyne sample? 18. How many grams of water and how many cm3 of carbon dioxide (at 250c and 760mmHg column) are produced by the complete combustion of 10g of ethanol, C2H5OH?. 19. A mixture of propane C3H8 and hydrocarbon B occupies a volume of 24cm3, to burn a mixture completely 114cm3 of oxygen were required and 72cm3 of carbon dioxide were produced. Determine the molecular formula of an hydrocarbon B. 20. A compound x contains carbon and hydrogen only. 0.135 of X on combustion in a stream of oxygen gave 0.41g of carbon dioxide and 0.209g of water. Calculate the empirical formula of X. X is a gas at room temperature and 0.29g 0f the gas occupy 120cm3 at room temperature and 1atm. What is the molecular formula of X. And write all the structural isomers of X. 21. An organic liquid contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. On oxidation, 0.25g of the liquid gave 0.595g of carbon dioxide and 0.304g of water. When vapourized , 0.25g of liquid occupies 131cm3 at 2000c and 1atm. Find (a) The empirical formula of an organic liquid HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 5 ( b) The molecular formula of the liquid (c) Writ the structural formula of the compound with this molecular formula. 22. 1.1g of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave on combustion 1.173g of carbon dioxide and 0.24g of water. 1.125g of compound dissolved in 125g of water gave a solution that freeze at 0.1860c. Calculate the molecular mass of the compound and write its molecular formula. 23. A hydrocarbon M of molecular formula C4H6 reacts with one mole of hydrogen gas in the presence nickel catalyst to form compound P. Compound P can react with one mole of hydrogen at temperature 80-1000c in the presence of nickel catalyst to form compound Q. Compound M reacts readily with bromine gas and it can decolourize bromine water. Compound P reacts readily with bromine gas to form compound R but P can not decolourize bromine water. (a) Write the structural formulae of compounds M, P, Q and R. (b) Write the equation of reaction between (i) M and hydrogen gas in presence of nickel to form P. (ii) P and hydrogen of nickel catalyst at 80-1000c to form Q (iii) P and bromine gas to form R. 24. (a) An aromatic carboxylic acid A (Mr = 166) contains 57.83% of carbon, 3.64% of hydrogen and 38.53% of oxygen by mass. (b) Amina isolated an aromatic compound of molecular formula C6H4Br2. He carefully nitrated this compound and purified three isomers of formula C6H3Br2NO2. Propose the structures for the original compound and the three nitrated derivatives. 24. (a) What is ozonolysis? (b) A hydrocarbon having a molecular mass of 96gmol-1 and molecular formula C7H12 was ozonolysed and then hydrolysed in the presence of zinc. The product of ozonolysis were ethanol,propanone and glyoxia (C2H2O2) . Determine the structure of the hydrocarbon and show ozonolysis of the compound. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 6 (b) Two isomeric hydrocarbons P and Q have molecular formula C9H12. On oxidation, P gives monocarboxylic acid, when treated with soda lime yields benzene. Q is oxidized to give tricarboxylic acid and can undergo nitration reaction to give two mono-nitro derivatives. (i) Write down the structural formula of P and Q. (ii) Write an equation to show how Q is oxidized to give tricarboxylic acid. (iii) Name the compound which is formed when P undergo oxidation. 25. Write the general formula and functional group of each of the following classes of organic compounds (i) Alkenes (ii) Alkanes (iii) Alkynes (iv) Alcohol (v) Carboxylic acid ( vi) Aldehydes (vi) Ketones (vii) Amine (viii) Amide (ix) Ether (x) Ester. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1. (a) (i) Write the atomic number of an atom with electronic configuration of 1s2 2s22p63s23p5. (ii) X occurs naturally as 37X and 35X. Given that the relative atomic mass of x is 35.5, Determine the percentage of each isotope in the sample of element X. (b) In which atomic model does each of the following statements belong: (i) The motion of the electron in an atom is not a simple rotation around an orbit but rather a three dimensional standing wave which obey Schrodinger equation. (ii) There is no exact position of an electron in an atom, only the space in which the electron can be met with a certain high probability can be described. (iii) An atom ha an open structure consisting of a small positive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 7 (iv) An atom consists of extremely small denser positively charged particle called nucleus, which the entire mass of the atom is concentrated. (v) A number of negatively charged electrons are revolving around the nucleus at a relatively large distance from it. (vi) The electron can jump from one orbit to another and when it does so it emits or absorb energy. (vii) Energy is absorbed or emitted only in a whole number of quanta. (c) (i) Describe the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation and wave particle duality. (ii) Calculate the velocity of an electron whose wavelength is 10nm. 2. (a) With reference to Krypton at ground state, how many electrons have the following set of quantum numbers? (i) n = 3 (ii) n = 3, l =2 (iii) ml = 0 (iv) n = 2 , ml = -1 s = ½ (b) An electron in a hydrogen atom find itself in the fourth energy level (n =4) (i) Write down a list of orbitals (subshells) that it might be in. (ii) What are the values of l for this energy level (n =4) (c) Identify the following elements: (i) 𝑋49 (ii) 𝑋1428 (iii) 𝑋1327 (d) From which energy level do transitions in the hydrogen atom with the following spectral series arise? (i) the first line in the Lyman series (ii) the second line in Balmer series. (iii) The fourth line in Lyman series 3. (a) State the postulates of Bohr Atomic Theory. State briefly, the shortcomings of the theory. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 8 (b) Explain the meaning of the following quantum numbers (b) (i) n (ii) l (iii) ml (iv) ms (b) For n =2 tabulate the values of l, ml and ms (c) How many orbitals are there in each of the following sublevels (i) 1s (ii) 2p (iii) 3d (iv) 4f 4. (a) All radiations are associated with wave nature and differ from one another in terms of their wavelength, frequency, velocity, and energy. Give the relation between: (i) Frequency and wavelength (ii) Wavelength and wave number (iii) Energy and frequency (iv) Energy and wavelength (b) Ozone (O3) protects the earth’s inhabitants from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) from the Sun. The shielding is maximum from UV light whose wavelength is 2950A0. Calculate for this UV light , its (i) frequency (ii) Energy (c) (i) What is atomic spectrum? (ii) How does it differ from a continuous spectrum? (d) If the wavelength of the first member of the Balmer series in a hydrogen spectrum is 6563A0 . Calculate the wavelength of the first member of Lyman series in the same spectrum. 5. (a) What is the difference between the first ionization energy and the second ionization energy of an electron? (b) The first and second ionization energy for one sodium atom are 493KJ and 4560KJ respectively. Account for such a big difference between the two ionization energies for the same sodium atom. (c) Define each of the following terms (i) Photon of light (ii) Quantum number (iii) Excited state (iv) Ground state (v) Quanta HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 9 (vi) Quantization of energy (vii) Subshell (ix) Energy level (x) Atomic orbital. (d) 19. Explain giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are possible. (a) n =0, l =0 ml =0 ms = +1/2 (b) n =1, l =0, ml =0, ms = -1/2 (c) n =1, l = 1, ml=-0, ms = +1/2 (d) n = 2, l = 1, ml =0, ms = -1/2 (e) n = 3, l = 3, ml =-3, ms = +1/2 (f) n =3, l =2, ml =0, ms = +1/2 (g) n =2, l = -1, ml = 1 (h) n= 4, l =3, ml= 4 6. State the: (i) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (ii) Paul’s exclusive principle (iii) Hund’s rule (iv) Plank’s quantum theory (b) Briefly explain the significance of n = ∞ and E = 0 for hydrogen atom. (c) Calculate the wavelength , of a gamma ray with energy 2.2863 x 10-14J emitted by technetium-99 [𝑇𝑐4399] (d) What is the energy (KJmol-1), frequency and wavelength of the radiation emitted when electrons jump from n=5 to n= 5 7.(a) An ion with mass number 56 contains 3units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons. Assign the symbol for the ion. (b)Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242nm is just sufficient enough to ionize the sodium atom. Calculate the ionization energy of sodium in KJmol-1. 8. (a) How many electrons are possible in all shells with n+ l =5? (b) Write the values of n, l and ml for: (i) 3s (ii) 3p (iii) 2py (iv) 2pz (c) Which of the four quantum numbers ( n, l, ml and ms) determine: (i)the energy of an electron in hydrogen atom and multi electron atoms. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 10 (ii)the size of an orbital (iii) the shape of an orbital (iv) the orientation of an orbital in space? (d) How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum number? (i) n = 4, ms = +1/2 (ii) n =3, l =0 (iii) n=4,ms=-1/2 (iv) n=2, l=0 9. (a) (i) An atomic orbital has n=3. What are the possible values of l and ml? (ii) List the quantum numbers (ml and l ) of electrons for 3d orbital. (iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p, and 3f. (b)(i) How many sub-shells are associated with n =4? (ii) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shell having ms value of -1/2 for n=4? (c) Describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers (i) n =4, l = 0 (ii) n =2, l = 1, ml =0 (iii) n =3, l =2 (iv) n= 4, l=1 (v) n =3, l=0, ml = 0 (vi) n =3, l=1. (d) How many sub-levels are there in M shell? What are their designations. 10.(a) Briefly explain the following terms (i) Hybridization (ii) Vander wall forces (iii) Dative bond (iv)Hydrogen bond (v) Resonance (vi) Resonance energy (vii) Ionic bond (viii) Chemical bond. (b) Mention two differences between hydrogen bond and covalent bond (c) Briefly explain two types of hydrogen bonding. Give two examples in each case (d) Explain four properties that are influenced by hydrogen bonding. (d) Outline two conditions necessary for hydrogen bonding. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 11 11. (a) Distinguish between (i) Polar bond and non polar bond (ii) Polar molecule and non polar molecule (iii) Intermolecular forces and intra molecular forces (b) CO2 is non-polar while water is polar. What conclusion do you draw about their structures from these? (c)(i) Arrange the following molecules in the decreasing bond angle. Give reasons CH4, CO2, H2O and NH3. (ii) Why does acetic acid form a dimer? What is its one consequence? (iii) The dipole moment of CH3F is greater than that of CH3Cl. Explain. (d) Which out of the NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why? 11. (a) Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the bases of dipole moment. (b) Write down three favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond. (c) What do you understand by the term hybridized orbital. (d) List down at least four conditions for hybridization and any two characteristics of hybridization. (e) With aid of examples, explain various types of hybridization. HOLIDAY PACKAGE Page 12

Started a long time ago around 8th century but advanced more by the 9th and 10th century. People from Asia came from middle east and far east. Middle east was mainly from Syria, Iran, Oman and Yemen. While from the far east were from china, Indonesia and India. Asian trader came through Indian ocean by using dhow. Asian traders used MONSOON WIND that pushed their dhows. Types of monsoon winds. 1. Northeast monsoon wind (NEMW). Blew from Asia to east Africa from November to April. 2. Southeast monsoon winds (SEMW). Blew from east Africa coast to Asia from May to October. Factors which facilitated interaction between Tanzania and Asia i) Monsoon winds ii) Indian ocean itself. Provided sea route that connected Tanzania and asia. iii) Nature of the location of the east Africa coast. Area like Tanga, Unguja, Mafia, Pemba andKilwa had excellent natural harbors where trader could dock their dhows. iv) Availabilities of trading commodities like slaves, ivory, gold, and others. Motives for the interactions with Asian There are two motives, economic and social motives 1. Economic motives. the main economic motives were trade. Examples of commodities taken from Tanzania to Asia includes - Slaves - Wax - Natural rubber - Ivory - Horn of rhinoceros - Animal skins - Cowry shells - Tortoise shells Examples of commodities brought to Tanzania from Asia - Clothes - Porcelains - Iron tools like spear, swords and knives - Carpets - Guns - Rice - Bullets NBTrade between Asia and Tanzania were unequal trade since commodities brought to Tanzania wereless valuable commodities than those which they took from Tanzania. 2. Social motives. Social motive was to spread Islam and Islamic culture. During 9th c Islamic culture spread in coastal area including building of mosques Effects of interaction between Tanzania and Asia. Economic effects; i) Development of unequal trading relations ii) Development of slave trade. Some Tanzania local chiefs sold their people to the traders. slaves worked as domestic slave, workers in agricultural plantation, labourers in construction works, soldiers, and as objects of entertainment. iii) Introduction of new agricultural crops. Example coconuts and cloves. iv) Exploitation of Tanzania resources, both human and natural resources v) Emergence of merchants. Were people who specialized in trade. they were middle-men who collected commodities and sold them to Asian traders, most of merchants were Arabs or Indian origin. Social effects i) Growth and spread of Kiswahili. New words adopted from middle and far east like, nazi, karafuu, ustaarabu, uungwana, shikamoo and mwinyi ii) Intermarriage. Some male traders started sexual relationship with Tanzania where they gave birth to children with mixed colour known as (chotara). iii) Spread of Islam iv) Spread of arabic culture, include dressing style, architectural design, money and language. v) Rise of towns and urban centres, example pemba, unguja, tanga, kilwa and bagamoyo. vi) Growth of Swahili civilization, like dressing, eating. Political effects i) Rise of centralized city states, example kilwa, Zanzibar and tanga. 14th c kilwait was the first island to use its own currency in east Africa. ii) Creation of standing armies Interaction between Tanzanians and Europeans before colonialism. Pre-colonial Tanzania societies interacted with European countries like Portuguese, Greece and Holland. Motives (factors) for interactions i) Search for precious metals. include gold and silver. Also known as bullion. Precious metals in Europe were symbol of power. ii) Establishing informal colonies. Example Portuguese established sphere of influence in coast of Mozambique, and east Africa while Dutch established colony at the cape of good hope. iii) Finding an alternative route to India. because of conflict between European and Arabs. iv) Global explorations. Europeans they wanted to have deeper understanding about the world thus why they travelled in different part. Phases of interactions between Tanzania and Europe. There are four phases of interactions 1st. Greco-Roman interactions in 1st century. The earliest Europeans to arrive on the coast of Tanzania and east Africa in general were the Greece and Romans. 2nd. Portuguese interactions in 15th century. Portuguese arrived on the coast of east Africa during the late 15th century. Portuguese wanted to wanted to control trade along the coast The first Portuguese sailor to reach east Africa coast was called VASCO DA GAMA in 1498. But the first Portuguese sailor to reach Africa was BATHOROMEO DIAZ 1488 at the cape of good hope. Portuguese navigation sponsored by PRINCE HENRY the Navigator. Portuguese built two forts along the coast, Kilwa and Mombasa. The largest fort was known as Fort Jesus in Mombasa. Fort Jesus was built in 1593 and collapsed in 1689 Portuguese rule in east Africa ended in the late of 17th century after being conquered by Arabs. 3rd. interaction through the Oman Arabs and Zanzibar sultanate. Portuguese domination in east Africa ended in the early 18th century when they were overthrown by Arabs from Oman. In 1840 sultan seyyid said shifted their capital from Oman Muscat to Zanzibar where they introduced coconut and cloves plantation. 4th. Interaction during the prelude to colonialism 19th century. This was final phase of pre-colonial interaction between European and Tanzania especially during 1870s and 1880s. they sent explorers, missionaries and traders to collect information that would help them to establish colonialism. These explorers, missionaries, and traders were known as Agents of colonialism. In the second half of 19th century Europeans began establishing colonialism in Tanzania. The reasons behind was demands of industrial revolution in Europe. The first country to undergo industrial revolution in Europe were Britain between 18th and 19th c. Demands for Europeans were i) Areas for getting raw materials for industries ii) Cheap labourers for colonial economies iii) External market for selling industrial products iv) Areas for investing surplus capital. Agents of colonialism in Africa. There are three groups of agents of colonialism in Africa, explorers, missionaries, and traders. 1. Explorers- this was the the first group of agents of colonialism to reach Tanganyika and Zanzibar. They got permission from sultan of Zanzibar to travel from Zanzibar to interior. The prominent explorers who visited Tanzania included i) David Livingstone 1866. He started mikindani in Mtwara to ward lake Nyasa. is the one who discovered lake Nyasa, and he died 1873 because of malaria. ii) John Hanning Speke. He visited Lake Victoria and renamed it Lake Victoria after the queen of England. iii) Richard burton also explored the Lake Victoria. iv) Henry Morton Stanley. He was sent to find Dr d. Livingstone and they met ujiji in 1871. Objectives of explorers. i) To identify fertile land for growing cash crops ii) To identify areas with good weather for European settlement. iii) To identity area that had rich minerals iv) To identify areas with large population. 2. Missionaries. Was the second group of agents of colonialism in Africa. They spread Christianity, examples of missionaries are Johann Ludwig krapf and Johannes Rebman and they were sponsored by Church Missionary Society (MCS). Johann Ludwig krapf built mission centre at Rabai in mambosa and managed to translate and write bible in kiswahili. Johannes Rebman was the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro. Christian association in Tanganyika i) The holy ghost father- built the mission station in zanzibar 1863 and Bagamoyo. ii) Universities mission to central Africa (UMCA) 1863 - built mission station in Zanzibar called MAGILA and another in MASASI. iii) The white father missionaries- built mission stations in Ujiji, Unyanyembe, Karema and Mwanza. iv) Moravian church missionaries- built stations at Rungwe, Lutenango, Isoko and Mbozi. v) Lutheran church missionaries – established station in Dar es salaam, Moshi, Arusha, Njombe, Makete and western part of Rungwe. Objectives of missionaries. i) To spread Christianity ii) Spreading western culture in Africa iii) Introducing western education focused on reading, writing and arithmetic. iv) Preparing African to accept colonial economy. v) Convincing traders from Europe to come Africa vi) To abolish slave trade 3. Traders. Was the last group of agents to arrive Tanganyika and Zanzibar. They established trading companies where they signed commercial treaties with African rulers. Examples of trading companies i) Imperial British east Africa companies (IBEACO) 1888 under William Mackinnon. Its headquarters were Zanzibar Unguja. ii) German east Africa company (GEACO) 1885 under Karl peters. He signed fake and dubious treaties with local chief Mangungo of Msovero and usagara (Kilosa). Local chiefs such as Mangungo did not know the contents of the treaties because they did not know how to read the German language. Effects of pre-colonial interactions between Tanzania and Europe. i) Colonialization of Tanganyika and Africa in general. Agents paved the way for colonisation. ii) Introduction of new crops such as tea, coffee and cotton. iii) Abolition of slave trade in the 19th century and replaced by legitimate trade. iv) The spread of Christianity. Eg catholic church in Bagamoyo and Anglican church Zanzibar v) Destruction of African culture. vi) Exploitation of African resources. SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA Scramble for refer to struggle and competing to get something Partition – refer to dividing something Reasons for scramble for and partition of Africa. i) To get raw materials ii) To get area for market iii) To get area for investing capital iv) To get areas for cheap labour Areas which scrambled much by Europeans i) Coastal strips – important for trade ii) Areas with good climate and fertile soil – for agriculture development eg slope of Mount Kilimanjaro, southern highland of Tanzania and river valley iii) Areas with rich in minerals, forest and wild animals iv) Areas with big lakes and big rivers – for transporting raw materials. The competition among Europeans nations could have caused war, therefore in order to avoid war among Europeans German chancellor OTTO VON BISMARK called the conference in BERLIN CITY from November 1884 to February 1885. (Why Chancellor Otto von Bismarck called Berlin conference?) BERLIN CONFERENCE NOV 1884 – FEB 1885 Aim or objective of berlin conferencewas to partition African continent peaceful among European nations. Participants of berlin conference Fourteen (14) countries participated in berlin conference, includes Germany, Britain, France, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Greece, Holland, Russia, Sweden, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, and United States of America (USA). Seven countries scrambled for African continent were 1. Britain 2. Germany 3. France 4. Spain 5. Portugal 6. Italy 7. Belgium Two countries attended berlin conference as observers 1. United states of America (USA) 2. Denmark Resolutions/agreements or principles of Berlin conference. 1. Any European country after seizing territory in Africa should inform other European countries, (Principle of notification). 2. Any European country after seizing territory must establish effective occupation or domination. (principle of effective occupation). 3. King Leopold of Belgium was recognized as a ruler of Congo. 4. All big rivers should be open to all countries for transport, example river Congo, Niger, Senegal and Zambezi. 5. Abolition of slave trade in all colonies.

RECOGNIZE PRINCIPLES OF PATRIOTISM IN THE SOCIETY A. PROMOTE TANZANIA CULTURE Culture is the totality of human experience that consists of the customs, taboos, social behavior, idea and practice of a particular society. Tanzania culture is the total way of how Tanzanians live. It is based on their customs, taboos, traditions, ideologies, sports and form of political relation. Tanzania has more than 120 ethnic group and all are connected with Kiswahili language which is official medium of communication in the nation. Elements of Tanzanian culture 1. Language – is a system of communication used by people of a given society. Kiswahili is the dominant language of Tanzania culture How Kiswahili reflect Tanzania culture? i) It is used as cultural tool of social identity for Tanzanian ii) It is medium of transmitting knowledge and information iii) It is used to transmit customs, taboos and values from one generation to another iv) It is a carrier of national cultural heritage 2. Tradition and taboos -tradition is a belief or ways of doing thing that existed for a long and inherited from one generation to another while taboo is a practice that is prohibited or restricted by social or religious customs. A person n a community who break taboos is punished by a community leader. Examples of tradition are marriage, religious ceremonies, burial ceremonies, initiation ceremonies, inheritance and libation. Examples of taboos, pregnant women prohibited to eat egg, milk, and liver. Initiation ceremonies involve transition of young girl and boys from childhood into adulthood. Initiation for girls is called unyagowhile for boys is called jandoand is done by NGARIBA. Examples of societies which practice Kurya, Maasai, Gogo, Mbulu, Kaguru and Ngoni Things which youth are taughtduring initiation a) Education and life skills b) Self- reliance c) Cooperation in various activities like work, wedding, funerals and childcare d) Hard work e) Caring for children, elder and sick people f) Respecting all people both elder and children 3. Customs – are accepted ways of behaving or doing things in a community. Customs can change depending on the time, examples of customs medicine, dressing, food and greeting 4. Sports and games – are activities people do for leisure, entertainment or recreation. Examples of African sports before the arrival of Asians and Europeans were, running, swimming, jumping, wrestling, spear throwing, bao playing, rede etc. Examples of sports imported from Europe and Asia includes, boxing, kabaddi, karate, judo, volleyball, football, netball and table tennis 5. Creative arts – are human activities that involve creating visual, performance or auditory artefacts. Examples of artefacts are literature, drawing, weaving, sculptures, film, songs etc. a person who create artefacts is called artist Categories of creative arts i) Fine arts – these are visible artefacts which have shape. Example weaving, drawing, painting, textile design, sculpture and pottery. ii) Literary arts – these refer to creative writing or literature, Includes, songs, poems, plays and novel. iii) Performing arts – these are activities which performed on a stage, includes drama, films, dance, storytelling and citation. The Importance of culture to Tanzanians i) It promotes national unity ii) It gives Tanzanians social identity iii) It promotes good relationship in the society iv) It helps to protect national resources v) Promote sense of patriotism vi) It helps people to understand the history of their society Efforts made by Tanzania to promote our culture i) Formation of national Swahili council in 1967 (BAKITA) – to promote Kiswahili language in Tanzania ii) Kiswahili declared as a national language in 1964 iii) Establishment of national arts council 1984 (BASATA) iv) Leaders have created different slogans to promote our culture. For instance, Nyerere emphasized self- reliance and hardworking, examples of slogans uhurunakazi, kazinikipimo cha utu and hapakazitu Factors affecting Tanzania culture i) Development of science and technologyegtelevions, mobile phones, airport ii) Environmental changes. eg climatic change (drought) which affect production as a results people change culture in term of food consumption. iii) Growth of Kiswahili language. Ethnic groups like Chagga, Zaramo, Hehe, Nyamwezi, Nyakyusa are losing words as younger generation prefer Kiswahili than local language iv) Growing global interactions. Bad cultural behaviors have been adopted from western culture like,drug abuse, prostitution, gambling, unethical dressing styles and unethical hairstyles. v) Social media and communication technologies, like facebooks, whatsapp, twitter, and Instagram some of these social media do not observe ethical and moral values. Ways of promoting good tradition and customs i) Promoting the indigenous language ii) Collecting and storing tradition and customs, through writing, audio and in audio-visual equipment iii) Creation of cultural heritage centres, example museums

CLASS FIVE HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT SOCIAL STUDIES NOVEMBER 2025 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ACCORDINGLY 1. The first Europeans to interact with the people of East African coast were the Greeks and Romans. In which century did they come? ___________________________________ 2. The interaction between the Asian traders and the people of East African coast started long time ago. In which centuries was this interaction advanced? _________________ 3. The wind that facilitated the interaction between Asian traders and East African coast was called? ___________________________________________________________ 4. There were two main motives for the interaction between Asians and East African coastal societies. Mention them according to the following hints I. _____________________ : to conduct trade II. _____________________ : to spread Islamic culture and religion 5. Mention four factors that facilitated the interaction between Asians and East African coastal societies during 9th and 10th centuries I. ______________________________________________________________ II. ______________________________________________________________ III. _____________________________________________________________ IV. _____________________________________________________________ 6. Clothes, porcelains, iron tools, carpets, rice gun bracelets and bullets were the commodities brought from ____________________________________________ 7. Mention at least two commodities which were taken from Africa to Asia during the interaction between Asians and East African coastal societies I. ___________________________________________________________ II. ___________________________________________________________ 8. Why the nature of trade between Asian traders and East African societies was unequal and exploitative? __________________________________________________ 9. Mention three economic effects of interaction between East African societies and Asians I. __________________________________________________________ II. __________________________________________________________ III. __________________________________________________________ 10. Mention three social effects of interaction between East African societies and Asians I. _________________________________________________________ II. _________________________________________________________ III. _________________________________________________________ 11. The first city to make and use its own currency made of gold in East Africa was ______ 12. The Portuguese came to the coast of East Africa in which century? ________________ 13. Name the Portuguese sailors who came to Africa according to the following years I. 1488 ____________________________________________________________ II. 1498 ____________________________________________________________ 14. Mention four motives for the interaction between the East African societies and the Europeans especially Portuguese by 15th and 16th century I. _______________________________________________________________ II. _______________________________________________________________ III. _______________________________________________________________ IV. _______________________________________________________________ 15. The headquarters of Portuguese rule in East Africa were in ______________________ 16. The fort that was built by the Portuguese in 1593 – 1596 in Mombasa, Kenya was called ______________________________________________________________________ 17. The measure of wealth in Europe during 15th and 16th century was the collection of precious metals (bullions). Name two minerals which were more needed as bullions in Europe (I) _________________________ (II) ________________________ 18. Fort Jesus was attacked by the Arabs and Coastal Swahili people who lead to its collapse in which year? __________________________________________________________ 19. Agents of colonialism were categorized into three groups which were (I) ___________ (II) ___________________ (III) ________________________ 20. Mention three roles/objectives of explorers in facilitating colonialism in Africa during the 19th century I. ______________________________________________________________ II. ______________________________________________________________ III. ______________________________________________________________ 21. The first European to see Lake Victoria was? __________________________________ 22. The first Europeans to see Mount Kilimanjaro were (I) _________________________ (II) ____________________________ 23. Among the agents of colonialism, who was both an explorer and missionary? ______________________________________________________________________ 24. The German prominent trader who signed bogus treaty with chief Mangungo of Msovero in Kilosa was known as? __________________________________________________ 25. Mention three roles/objectives of missionaries in facilitating colonialism in Africa during the 19th century I. _________________________________________________________________ II. _________________________________________________________________ III. _________________________________________________________________ 26. Name the leaders who led the following imperialist companies I. GEACO ________________________________________________________ II. IBEACO _______________________________________________________ III. BSACO ________________________________________________________ IV. RNCO _________________________________________________________ 27. Mention three negative impacts of interaction with Europeans I. _____________________________________________________________ II. _____________________________________________________________ III. ____________________________________________________________ 28. Why did William Mackinnon fail in his trading activities in Tanganyika? __________________________________________________________________

1.Don’t call someone more than twice in a row. If they don’t answer, they probably have something important to do. 2. Pay back money you borrowed before the person asks for it. This shows that you are responsible. The same goes for borrowed items like umbrellas and pens. 3. Don’t order the most expensive food when someone else is treating you to a meal. 4. Don’t ask personal questions like “Why aren’t you married yet?” or “Why don’t you have kids?” It’s not your business. 5. Always hold the door open for the person behind you, whether they are male or female, older or younger. Treating people well does not make you less important. 6. If you share a taxi with a friend and they pay, offer to pay next time. 7. Respect different opinions. What seems like a 6 to you might look like a 9 to someone else. Getting a second opinion is also good. 8. Don’t interrupt when someone is talking. Let them finish what they want to say. 9. If you tease someone and they don’t like it, stop immediately and don’t do it again. It shows you care about them. 10. Always say “thank you” when someone helps you. 11. Give compliments in public but address problems privately. 12. Don’t comment on someone’s weight. Just say, “You look great.” If they want to discuss weight loss, they will bring it up. 13. When someone shows you a photo on their phone, don’t swipe through their pictures. You might accidentally see something private. 14. If a coworker says they have a doctor’s appointment, don’t ask why. Just say, "I hope you’re okay." Respect their privacy. 15. Treat everyone with respect, whether they are a cleaner or a CEO. People notice how you treat others. 16. If someone is talking to you, don’t stare at your phone. It’s rude. 17. Only give advice when someone asks for it. 18. When you see someone after a long time, don’t ask how old they are or how much money they make unless they want to talk about it. 19. Stay out of other people’s business unless it directly involves you. 20. Take off your sunglasses when talking to someone on the street. It shows respect. Making eye contact is important. 21. Don’t brag about your wealth when you are with people who are less fortunate. Also, avoid discussing your children around those who cannot have kids. 22. After receiving a nice message, say "Thanks for the message." Showing appreciation is an easy way to get what you want! ❤️♥️

Some things grow best in silence. When you protect them, you protect your own peace. Not everything needs to be told, even to people close to you. 1. Your deepest fears Not everyone can handle or respect them. Some may even use them against you. 2. Your future plans Dreams grow stronger when worked on quietly. Sharing too early invites doubt or interference. 3. Your income and money matters Talking too much about money often brings comparison, jealousy, or judgment. 4. Your acts of kindness Real kindness does not need an audience. Silent good deeds carry more meaning. 5. Your struggles in detail It is healthy to seek support, but oversharing with the wrong people can make wounds deeper. 6. Your private conflicts Every relationship has issues. Speaking of them everywhere can damage trust and respect. 7. Your personal growth process Change is personal. Others may not understand your journey, and their opinions can weaken your focus. Peace comes when you know what to share and what to hold close. Silence is not emptiness. It is protection.

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FAIDA YA CHUMV YA MAWE KITIBA. 1.Ukioga usafisha mwili na nyota. 2.Ukichoma inamvuta mpnz kibur. 3.Ukiweka punje moja mfukon ukawa unatembea nayo uzuiwia uchaw na mabaya. 4.Ukiweka ktk mrango wako kidogo uzuwia mtu mwenye mikos au uchaw usiingie ndan. 5.Ukipakaa chumv ya mawe ktk limao ulio likata vipande ukaweka kwenye pembe yako ya nyumba kwa ndan mchaw awezi ingia kama huwa unachezewa leo mwisho. 6.Ukilala weka chumv ya mawe chin ya gogoro lako kule unapo wekaanga kichawa huteta ndoto nzr za maono na kuondoa ndoto mbaya. 7.Chumv ya mawe ina nguvu ya kiroho ukiweka ktk kitambaa cheusi ukaifunga ukaenda kuitupa kwenye maji yanao tembea umuamisha mtu. 8.Chumv ya pigo la mtu alie kuibia na akarudisha mwenyewe. 9.Unamdai mtu chumv ya mawe na tunda la mturarura lazma akulipe. 10.Unaitaji kusabaratisha mausiano ya watu wanao pendana kama kumbikumbi inaweza ndan ya siku 3 majibu. 11.Unaitaji kumfunga mume malaya au mke mdangaji siku moja tu ukitumia na kijit cha mti ulio ota kaburin. 12.Unaitaji kumjua adui yako au mbaya wako ktk ndoto live chumv ya mawe na mzizi wa mti wa mdimu unaweza kukuonnesha live. DR JUMA NO-0781389453.

WENGI WALIMJUA KAMA MWENYEKITI WA FREEMASONS AFRIKA MASHARIKI Na Paul R.K Mashauri Sir Andy Chande alikuwa mmoja ya wazee wa nchi hii ninaowakumbuka sana. Wengi walimjua kama Mwenyekiti wa Freemasons Afrika Mashariki. Lakini hawakumjua kama mtu pekee katika historia ya Tanzania aliyewahi kujenga biashara kubwa kuliko zote Tanzania, "philanthropist" wa kwanza toka enzi za ukoloni na wa kwanza kupewa heshima ya "Sir" na Malkia wa Uingereza. Sir Andy Chande alijenga biashara kubwa mithili ya Bakhresa toka enzi za ukoloni akitokea Bukene maeneo ya Tabora. Lakini biashara hiyo "Chande Mills) ikachukuliwa na kuwa mali ya umma wakati wa sera za utaifishaji wakati wa uongozi wa Mwalimu Nyerere na bado akakubali kuwa Mwenyekiti wa bodi kwa makampuni na Taasisi nyingi kuliko mtu yoyote Tanzania toka enzi za Nyerere mpaka enzi za Rais Magufuli kabla hajapumzika mbele za haki. Mzee Andy Chande alikuwa na utu na akili nyingi sana kuliko kawaida. Mara kadhaa nilipomtembelea nyumbani kwake alikuwa akiandika makala katika magazeti ya Uingereza na Canada. Lakini wakati mzee Chande ananitembelea ofisini kwangu na kunialika ofisini kwake, nyumbani na hata katika mikutano na mabalozi walinifuata watu wakasema huyo ni Freemason. Lakini nilipowauliza tatizo liko wapi hakuna aliyenipa "evidence based response". Nilichogundua walikuwa na habari za kusikia sio kushuhudia. Kwenye maisha tunakosa nafasi za kuwa na watu wenye kutujenga sababu za maneno ya watu wasiojua wanachokisema. Wanaokufuata "inbox" wakikuona na mtu. Hawakupi nafasi ya wewe mwenyewe kumjua mtu, kujua kitu na kufanya maamuzi. Hivyo Mzee Chande alinisaidia kujifunza kumjua mtu na kujua vitu kwa akili yangu mwenyewe sio akili ya kuambiwa. Walishindwa kunishawishi kujenga hofu juu ya hofu walizokuwa nazo kwa maneno ya kuambiwa sio kuelewa wala kuthibitisha. Ujumbe wangu ni upi? Watu wanaogopa vitu wasivyovijua na watu wasiowajua. Kumbe haohao ndio watu wenye upeo wa kulingana na upeo wako na ni watu wema na wenye maono na uzoefu unaouhitaji kuliko hao wanaokujengea hofu. Jifunze kuwajua watu wewe nwenyewe sio kupitia watu wengine. Maana yake sio vibaya kuamini unachoamini lakini ni mbaya sana kutaka kila mtu aamini unachoamini. Kumbuka kila mtu na akili yake. Na akili yako ni muhimu kuliko akili ya kuazima-Paul R.K.Mashauri

Taifa la Ujerumani limeanza majaribio ya kisiri ya mende maalum wa bio-hybrid wanaoongozwa na AI—uvumbuzi unaolenga kutuma wadudu hai kufika maeneo ambayo binadamu, roboti au drone haziwezi kuingia kwa usalama. Mende hao wadogo sana wamewekewa microchips, vyanzo vya joto (thermal sensors) na moduli za mawasiliano zinazowawezesha kuongozwa kwa mbali, kupenya kwenye mashimo madogo, mifereji, mapengo ya majengo au maeneo yaliyoporomoka. Kupitia teknolojia hiyo, wanaweza kutuma sauti na video moja kwa moja, huku mfumo wa AI ukiwasaidia kuepuka vizuizi, kuchora ramani za maeneo mapya na kukusanya taarifa ambazo mashine za kawaida haziwezi kufikia. Mwanzo teknolojia hii iliundwa kwa ajili ya uokoaji katika majanga, lakini wataalamu wa usalama sasa wanatoa tahadhari kuhusu matumizi yake katika ujasusi, operesheni za kijeshi, au ufuatiliaji wa siri. Kadiri mipaka kati ya biolojia na roboti inavyozidi kufutika, mjadala kuhusu maadili, faragha, na hatari za uvumi wa teknolojia unazidi kushika kasi. Utafiti huu unadaiwa kufanywa na German Institute for Robotics & Bio Engineering (2025), na tayari umeibua hisia kali duniani kote kuhusu mustakabali wa “viumbe-mashine.” @snspremium & @appleway_company

1...Stop looking for who is not looking for you. 2... Stop begging. 3...Stop saying more than necessary. 4...When people disrespect you, confront them immediately. 5...Don't eat other people's food more than they eat yours. 6...Reduce how you visit some people, especially if they don't reciprocate it. 7...Invest in yourself. Make yourself happy. 8... Stop entertaining gossip about other people. 9...Think before you talk. 80% of how people value you is what comes out of your mouth. 10... Always look your best. Dress the way you should be addressed. 11... Be an achiever. Get busy with your goals 12...Respect your time. 13... Don't stay in a relationship where you don't feel respected and valued. Walk away. 14... Learn to spend money on yourself. That's how people will learn to spend on you. 15... Be scarce sometimes. 16...Be a giver more than a receiver. 17...Don't go where you are not invited. And when invited don't overstay your welcome. 18...Treat people exactly the way you want to be treated. 19... Except they owe you money, two call attempts is enough. If they value you they will call you back. 20...Be good at what you do.

1...Stop looking for who is not looking for you. 2... Stop begging. 3...Stop saying more than necessary. 4...When people disrespect you, confront them immediately. 5...Don't eat other people's food more than they eat yours. 6...Reduce how you visit some people, especially if they don't reciprocate it. 7...Invest in yourself. Make yourself happy. 8... Stop entertaining gossip about other people. 9...Think before you talk. 80% of how people value you is what comes out of your mouth. 10... Always look your best. Dress the way you should be addressed. 11... Be an achiever. Get busy with your goals 12...Respect your time. 13... Don't stay in a relationship where you don't feel respected and valued. Walk away. 14... Learn to spend money on yourself. That's how people will learn to spend on you. 15... Be scarce sometimes. 16...Be a giver more than a receiver. 17...Don't go where you are not invited. And when invited don't overstay your welcome. 18...Treat people exactly the way you want to be treated. 19... Except they owe you money, two call attempts is enough. If they value you they will call you back. 20...Be good at what you do.

Mwaka 2015, tukio lisilo la kawaida lilitokea kwenye dunia ya teknolojia. Sanmay Ved, mfanyakazi wa zamani wa Google, aligundua kuwa jina la tovuti Google.com—moja ya mali muhimu zaidi za kidigitali duniani—lilikuwa inauzwa kwenye Google Domains. Cha kushangaza, bei yake ilikuwa dola 12 tu(takribani 25,000tsh). Akiamini ni hitilafu ya mfumo, Sanmay aliweka taarifa za malipo. Badala ya kukataliwa, alipokea ujumbe wa manunuzi kukamilika. Kwa sekunde chache, Sanmay akawa mmiliki halali wa Google.com, akipata hata kufikia backend kupitia Google Webmaster Tools—ikiwa ni pamoja na takwimu za utafutaji na paneli ya kudhibiti tovuti. Badala ya kutumia nafasi hiyo kujinufaisha, Sanmay aliichagua njia ya uaminifu. Aliiarifu Google mara moja, na kampuni ikarejesha umiliki ndani ya chini ya dakika moja. Baada ya kuthibitisha tukio hilo, Google ilimpa tuzo ya dola 6006.13, namba inayosomwa kama “Google” kwa leetspeak. Sanmay hakuitaka pesa hiyo. Aliomba ichangiwe moja kwa moja kwenye shirika la elimu Art of Living India Foundation, linalosaidia zaidi ya shule 1,262 kwa watoto wanaotoka kwenye mazingira magumu. Kitendo hiki kilimfanya kuwa mfano bora wa uadilifu katika dunia ambayo mara nyingi hutawaliwa na tamaa. Hadithi ya Sanmay Ved inaendelea kukumbusha kwamba nguvu ya kufanya jambo sahihi wakati fursa ya urahisi ipo ndiyo heshima ya kweli. @appleway_company

How Maps Are Made Before making a map, cartographers decide what area they want to display and what type of information they want to present. They consider the needs of their audience and the purpose of the map. These decisions determine what kind of projection and scale they need, and what sorts of details will be included. The language of the map is one thing a cartographer must consider. A blind reader needs a map that has information in braille, for instance. The audience for a map can determine how widely a map is used. A map might use red and green symbols to show the location of maple and pine trees. This information might be easily displayed in a simple legend. However, such a map could not be used by people who are color-blind. Lines of latitude and longitude are mathematically plotted on a flat surface. Features are drawn in their appropriate location. Before the development of advanced computer and printing techniques, maps were drawn by hand. Cartographers would draw, or scribe, the map on a sheet of coated plastic with a special etching tool, scraping away the colored coating to leave clear, sharp lines. Several different sheets of plastic were layered on top of each other to add shading and place names. The plastic sheets were used to make a metal printing plate, or proof, for publishing the map. Today, most mapping is done with the help of computers. The coordinates of every point are entered into a computer. By feeding new data into the computer or deleting old data, map changes can be made quickly and easily. Colors can be changed, new roads added, and topographic features, such as the flow of a river, altered. The new map can then be printed out easily.

1. Look into people's eyes no matter who they are. 2. Never respond immediately, wait a few seconds, and then respond coldly and briefly. 3. Don't show your weakness, don't let people use it against you. 5. Never appear stressed, always act calm. 6. Dress classy, always wear a watch. 7. Speak slowly. It shows your self-confidence in what you are saying. 9. Don't worry what someone thinks about you. 10. Willingly accept what is outside your control and do not respond to it. 11. Live your life. Create a vision of what you want and follow that no matter what. 12. Become strong in mind, body, spirit, and emotions.

Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan has announced a new cabinet of 27 ministers in a major shake-up of government leadership, a move taken as part of reforming performance and increasing efficiency within the sixth-term government. Speaking at Chamwino State House in Dodoma, President Samia said the changes involve the establishment of new ministries, the replacement of some old ministries and the introduction of new faces into the government. Among those appointed for the first time are Wanu Ameir, who is the new Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Technology, and Paul Makonda, Member of Parliament for Arusha Urban, who was elected as one of the deputy ministers in the Ministry of Information, Arts, Culture and Sports. President Samia has also reinstated several former ministers including Professor Adolph Mkenda, Jumaa Aweso, Professor Makame Mbarawa and Professor Paramagamba Kabudi. However, some prominent ministers like Hussein Bashe, who was heading the Ministry of Agriculture, did not return to the new cabinet. Dotto Biteko, the former Deputy Prime Minister, has been left out as have long-serving Ministers Jenista Mhagama (Health), Damas Ndumbaro (Constitution and Law), Suleiman Jaffo (Industry and Trade) and Pindi Chana (Natural Resources and Tourism). Also, Innocent Bashungwa, the former Minister of Home Affairs, who led the security forces accused of human rights violations, although they themselves deny it, has been left out of the current cabinet. Stergomena Lawrence Tax, who was the Minister of Defense, has not been reinstated in the new cabinet. In these changes, President Samia has announced the establishment of the Ministry of Youth Development under the Office of the President, while the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Youth Development will be changed to the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Relations, which will now be under the Office of the Prime Minister. In addition, the Regional Administration and Local Government (RALG), which for many years has been under the Office of the President, has now been officially transferred to the Office of the Prime Minister.

1. Do not play with someone’s feelings just to feel happy. You may feel good for a moment, but you will lose that person forever. 2. Keep improving yourself. When you stop learning and growing, you slowly fade away. 3. Do not believe you are not good enough. How people see you depends on how you carry yourself. 4. Never lose hope. Hope helps you face hard times and keeps you moving forward. 5. Respect yourself. Without self-respect, it is hard to take care of yourself in other ways. 6. Do not wait for chances. Take them. Begging for opportunities makes you look weak. Trust your own worth and act with confidence. 7. Do not take people or things for granted. Ignoring your partner, your work, your money, or your health can cause pain and loss later. 8. Even if others misuse your kindness, do not let it turn your heart cold.

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Today I’m excited to share key announcements I made in Cape Town at the 2025 Africa Tech Festival. It was a huge week for our AI company, Cassava AI, which I launched on this very platform and LinkedIn several months ago. The three-day event was attended by tens of thousands of IT professionals from across Africa and the world, including mobile network operators, investors, and tech companies of all kinds. Entrepreneurs of all ages who had launched start-ups were also invited to attend to learn more about the tech industry, pitch on stage, and in some cases, to find investors. Ministers and regulators from many African countries also participated. During Tuesday's keynote presentation on our Cassava AI Factory, I was joined by our Cassava Technologies CEO and President, Hardy Pemhiwa. One of our new partners from Accenture also briefly joined us to talk about our shared vision to deliver sovereign AI enterprise solutions enabled by powerful new GPUs. We appreciate the time they took to take part. On my platform here I don't usually do this, but today I especially want the #JuniorClass to learn about the importance of #Partnerships in growing a vision from idea to execution. To do this, instead of "telling you” the news [as excited as I am to do so]... I am going to "show you" actual #BreakingNews press releases in the Afterthoughts below. Not all share news from this week, but most do! I generally write to you here in my own words, as you know... However, as an #Entrepreneur, you need to understand that formal partnership agreements and memorandums of understanding often require a great deal of time and discussion to put together, word by word. This collaborative #Process is to ensure each party agrees to all the specific details, including even the wording of official press statements that are sent out to share the exciting news with the world, when the time is right. The #SeniorClass will understand that these negotiation #Processes generally involve a high-level team, in this case, the top leadership of several of our companies were involved, as well as key people in our partner companies. Now I DID want to share with you at least one big development myself: the important news this week that NVIDIA announced Cassava AI as Africa’s first preferred “NVIDIA Cloud Partner” [known as NCP] to grow the continent's AI ecosystem. [See press release in Afterthought 2]. Already some of Africa's largest companies, including telecom groups and banks, are signing contracts to lease capacity, which we call "GPU-as-a-Service" (GPUaaS). So far we have also had about two dozen African AI start-ups approach us for "AI-compute" to accelerate their amazing businesses. I'm especially excited about innovation and research opportunities in education, agriculture, and health sectors. Finally, a few days ago I shared with you here another major announcement: that Google selected Cassava Technologies to be its strategic partner to help roll out data-free access to Google Gemini across several African countries, together with local MNOs. Here's the link to the #BreakingNews video from Google we showed at Tuesday's presentation: https://www.facebook.com/reel/1997016601079400 No one can now say Africa has not joined the AI race! As Jensen Huang said when I went to see him to discuss our ambitions: “You have made it possible for Africa to be at ground zero, with everyone else. There is no need for Africa to feel left behind.” Thank you all for the support. This is just the first step! We have a plan to expand this to every African country that welcomes us and shares our vision to deploy technology to power innovation, augment productivity, co-create solutions, accelerate opportunities, and grow prosperity, leaving no African behind.

What is a twin flame? Twin flames, also called “mirror souls,” are terms used to describe a relationship ideology rooted in new-age spiritualism. The concept has seen increased popularity in recent times. It promotes the idea of an intense soul connection between two people thought to be each other’s half. This is based on the premise that one soul can incarnate into two separate bodies. These individuals claim to experience a deep soul connection because of a shared similar life path and shared pain, and sometimes even trauma. Because individuals are fundamentally similar to their twin flame, they function like a spiritual mirror that reflects each other’s strengths, weaknesses, past traumas, and vulnerabilities. Elizabeth Clare Prophet coined the term in the 1970s. Prophet is the leader and founder of an international New Age religious organization called The Church Universal and Triumphant (CUT). She also published the book Soul Mates and Twin Flames: The Spiritual Dimension of Love and Relationships. However, the concept can be traced to the fifth century BC. According to Greek mythology, humans originally had a head with two faces, two pair of arms, and two pair of legs. However, Zeus feared their power and split them into two separate parts. The pair spends their lives in search of their other half. Signs of a twin flame Literature and internet content on this ideology may claim there are several signs a person has met their twin flame. However, people should be aware that no scientific studies or research supports these claims. Some of these signs include: An intense sense of familiarity, recognition, and longing: When a person encounters their twin flame, there will be an extreme sense of recognition and familiarity. People may feel an intense bond as though they have known each other for a long time. Strong sense of connection: There is also an intense connection and a strong sense of belonging and yearning. This connection may be platonic, romantic, familial, or even professional. Regardless of the type, a significant connection pulls a person toward the other. Multiple similarities: Twin flames may hold similar values, use the same moral compass, and have similar interests. They may also mirror each other’s past experiences. They may not be exactly the same, but both may have experienced neglect, abandonment, or violence. Differences complement each other: Traits and characteristics that are not similar tend to complement each other. Moreover, the differences in each other’s trauma and circumstances also help them process their trauma and, in turn, grow and heal from them. Amplification of insecurities, fears, and doubts: While seeing a person’s soul in their twin flame’s reflection can bring familiarity and comfort, it can also serve as a mirror that shows a person the things they are not ready to face. This includes flaws, fears, insecurities, and unprocessed trauma. A twin flame encourages a person to deal with and grow from them. Inspiration to grow and be better: The purpose of a twin flame relationship is to help a person reach personal transformation and soul growth. Meeting a twin flame may ignite an untapped potential and passion within a person. The individuals may teach each other profound lessons and help them grow to their best potential. Presence of tension: Twin flames can reopen unhealed wounds and revisit avoided issues that a person would rather not confront. There may also be a constant tension as both grow and heal from the relationship.

__To help grow your business and make it more profitable Things are moving fast! I recently met with the CEO of a company in my sector who asked me, "How many AI solutions have you rolled out in your business?" "About a dozen," I replied confidently. "We have done 3,000 and we have improved EBITDA by 40%," he told me, as if he had just won a race! "Wow," I said to him... but to myself I said: Africa's young entrepreneurs [including you here on my platform] really need to get moving... #ImaginingSolutions never possible before then launching them as AI-enabled businesses. Opportunities abound right now, if you continue to #SkillUp and have an entrepreneurial mindset! So let's get back to basics for a moment: You all know you drive the growth of a business by focusing on three things: #Product, #People, and #Process. AI can be used to supercharge any one of these three, or all of them. #Product: Why don't you draft a summary of your own business [Product] and ask your "AI ThoughtPartner" what #Innovations you could add to improve it, including the #Workflows to create it. Get into a deep and structured discussion with your AI ThoughtPartner, together with your team. Block a few hours to do this over the coming week. AI can also help you think your way toward development of new products altogether! #People: AI is Intelligence. You can either supercharge the smarts and skills of your people or literally use it as an extra employee or employees that you don't have. At Econet and Liquid, for example, we were always struggling to answer and process customer calls. Our solution was to create a chatbot called Yemurai. As I've shared here before, "she" now works alongside our call center agents. By deploying AI to augment the superpowers of your people, your business will soon start to function as though you have 10x the number of employees, and each one will or could have the skills of someone with a PhD! #Process: AI is improving nearly all the processes traditionally used by companies, such as enterprise software, supply chain management, and customer service workflows. If you do a little research, you'll find new AI-based processes that are getting both cheaper and more advanced. We're talking about 40-60% cost reductions with 10x speed improvements. Get hold of your Enterprise Resource Planning [ERP] supplier and see what they have introduced. If you like what you see, adopt it right away! Processes that used to take your finance team three days to close monthly books? Now done in three hours. Customer service tickets that sat in queues for days? Now resolved in minutes. This is not the future. This is the NOW. As most of you know, we're busy bringing the GPU #Compute power to Africa that everyone has been asking for. This is huge. __My homework question to you is: What will this #Compute power enable you to do as an innovator and entrepreneur? If not now, in due course as your business grows? It's your turn to share your own learnings with others on the platform, especially the #JuniorClass. I recently met, for example, with the CEO of a South African company who asked me for GPUs. "How many do you need?" I asked. "200 to start". "What are you using them for?" I asked. "Product and Process," he replied with a smile [as he had first read about the 3Ps here on the platform years ago]. "We are totally empowering our People!" Then there's a young Nigerian entrepreneur who called us recently asking for "at least 100 GPUs". He explained, "I have been leasing in Asia, and I'm so glad that you guys can now supply me Compute!" That is a guy who is on his way to becoming a billionaire, right there! AI is here, NOW. For your generation, getting into it is not an option. It's a mandatory requirement that will supercharge whatever you are doing. You should be spending a minimum two hours a day learning about AI and experimenting with different tools. I do! Image credit: KWB - Ubuntu Hope via AI.

🇧🇷🗣️ Roberto Carlos: "When Messi dribbled past Cannavaro and me, and ran over us, and the match ended, I turned to Cannavaro and said: 'My God, who is this player? He's the new Maradona.' 'I'm lucky. I don’t have much time left before I retire. How will the next generation of defenders cope? They’ll really struggle with him. I knew he’d be the best player in the world. In the future, he would win everything. I'm happy because I watched him more than I played against him.' ❤️

"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way we live and work. From powering virtual assistants to driving autonomous vehicles, AI is reshaping industries and transforming the way we interact with technology. The ability of machines to learn from data and make decisions on their own is paving the way for exciting advancements in healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. As we continue to harness the power of AI, we can expect even greater innovations and improvements in our daily lives. What are your thoughts on the future of AI? Share your thoughts below! #ArtificialIntelligence #Innovation"w

Making money online has become easier than ever. Here are some of the most effective ways you can start earning today: Freelancing: Offer your skills on platforms like Upwork, Fiverr, or Freelancer. Writing, design, programming, and marketing are all in demand. Affiliate Marketing: Promote products online through blogs, social media, or YouTube and earn commissions for every sale. Digital Products: Sell ebooks, templates, courses, or printables. Once created, they can generate passive income. Content Creation: Start a YouTube channel, TikTok, or Twitch stream. Monetize via ads, sponsorships, and fan support. Online Services: Offer consulting, coaching, or virtual assistance to businesses and individuals. Ecommerce / Dropshipping: Sell physical products online without holding inventory using dropshipping platforms. Tips for Success: Focus on one method at a time and master it. Consistency is key — dedicate regular time to your online efforts. Keep learning — trends and tools change fast, so stay updated. Build a personal brand to gain trust and authority. Track your progress and reinvest earnings to grow faster. Remember: Online income takes effort, patience, and learning. Start small, stay consistent, and scale up gradually.