SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOVERY
lesson notes std v
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOVERY
- THINGS THAT ARE IN THE ENVIRONMENT Environment-is everything that
surrounds us Things that are in the environment
Living things and non-living things are both found in the environment. Non-living
things are things that don’t have life while living things are things that have life.
Living things can detect changes, remove waste product grow, reproduce and move
while non-living things cannot.
(a) Groups of living things
There are two in groups of living things. Which are:-
a) Animals
b) Plants
ANIMALS
Animals feed on ready-made organic matter and are therefore known as
heterotrophs. Classification of animals
Animals are divided into invertebrates and vertebrates. Examples of invertebrate
animals are worms, locusts and crabs. Examples of vertebrate animals are birds,
reptiles, mammals and fish.
PLANTS
Plants make their own food in a process called photosynthesis. They are primary
sources of organic matter and known as autotrophs. Example of plants includes
mango tree, grass, fungi and other microscopic organisms. Plants also produce
oxygen which is used by animals in breathing. Plants differ from other organism
(animals) by having the ability of manufacturing their own food. Animals cannot
manufacture their own food.
They depend on already manufactured food. Plants make their own food in the
leaves. The process of manufacturing food in plant leaves is called photosynthesis.
Classification of Plants
In the environment, there are different types of plants. The following are the
categories of plants found in the environment-
.
(a) Green and non-green colour plants
(b) Plants according to their reproduction.
(c) Plants that grows in water and desert.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Living things in a certain habitat should have features that enable them to survive.
The following are the characteristics of living things.
(a) Reproduction
Refers to the process whereby living things give rise to new individuals of their onn
kind. It ensures that there is continued existence of the species and life forms.
(b) Growth
An irreversible increase in size and mass of a living things. A living organism grows
in order to attain the maximum size and mass which is important for its body to
function properly.
c) Nutrition
Nutrition is the process of acquiring nutrients from the environment and processing
them into a form that can be used by the body. Plants make their own food in a
process called photosynthesis. They are primary sources of organic matter and
known as autotrophs. Animals feed on ready-made organic matter and are therefore
known as heterotrophs.
(d) Respiration
Respiration refers to the process by which food substances are chemically broken
down in all living cells to release energy. They take in oxygen and give out carbon
dioxide. Energy obtained from food substances s used for activities such as
contraction of muscles, growth, and repair of worn-out tissues and functioning of
kidneys, heart and brain.
(e) Excretion
Refers to the process by which excess waste or harmful materials resulting from
chemical reactions, which occur within cells are eliminated from the bodies of Living
things Examples of waste products include carbon dioxide, urea, excessive water,
ammonia and uric acid.
(f) Irritability or sensitivity
This is a process by which an organism detects and responds to changes in its
immediate environment. This includes changes in temperature, humidity, light, gases,
gravity and chemical contact. Changes which cause organism to respond to
immediate environment are called stimuli (singular- stimulus).
(g) Movement
This is an act of changing position or postures. Organism move in search of food,
shelter, mate, escaping from the predators and when responding to external changes.
Locomotion- means movement in animals while movement in plants is called
movement of curvature.
b. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis – is the process whereby plants make their own food from simple
inorganic substances. Through photosynthesis, light energy trapped by chlorophyll is
converted into chemical energy that is incorporated in carbohydrates from carbon
dioxide and water using light energy.
Carbon dioxide +water sunlight Glucose + water + oxygen
Chlorophyll
Then carbohydrates, water and oxygen are the end-procucts. In order for
photosynthesis to happen, the raw materials are needed. These raw materials
include water, carbon dioxide and sunlight, In the existence of chforophyll, all these
raw materials are converted into starch, water and oxygen gas.
Necessary conditions for photosynthesis
Plants absorb mineral salts from the soil through the roots. Mineral salts are highly
needed to the extent that in their absence, the plant becomes weak and eventually
dies. Some of the minerals salts are nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P), potassium (K),
calcium (Ca) magnesium (M2) and iron (Fe)
Food storage in the plants
Starch- It’s the food manufactured by the leaves of the plant and is transported to the
storage parts. Storage parts are roots, stem, leaves and seeds. Annual plants include
maize, wheat and beans which store their food in the seed. The seeds store food for
the embryo during germination.
Some plants have special organs that store food which is used during the dry season
in which food is manufactured after the plant has lost the leaves.
IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants make their own food, It has the
following importance in real life situation:
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