AGENTS OF COLONIALISM

AGENTS OF COLONIALISM

EXPLORERS
David Livingstone: Was the first European to see Lake Nyasa. He died in 1973
John Hanning Speke: Was the first European to see Lake Victoria and was the one who named it lake Victoria as it was initially known as Lake Nyanza
Richard Burton
Henry Morton Stanley
Roles/objectives of explorers in facilitating colonialism
To identify areas with fertile soil and good climatic condition
To investigate areas rich in minerals and navigable rivers
To explore commodities available
To identify areas with large population
To assess African culture

MISSIONARIES
John Ludwig Krapf: He wrote the bible in Kiswahili
Johannes Rebman: He was the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro
Dr. David Livingstone: He was both an explorer and a missionary
Roles/objectives of Missionaries
To spread Christianity
Introduction of western education focused on 3Rs (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic)
Spreading European culture
To soften Africans hearts so as to accept colonialism
Abolition of Slave trade

Charles Stokes: He was operating his business activities at Unyanyembe-Tabora and he was very successful because he had good relationship with the locat people and he avoided conflicts with Arabs

Why did William Mackinnon fail in his trading activities in Tanganyika?
Because he lacked support from the British government
Why Carl Peters is very famous in our history?
Because he signed fake treaties with African local chiefs like Chief Mangungo of Msovero and Mangi Meli Rindi of Kilimanjaro
Why local chiefs signed fake treaties?
They did not understand the terms and conditions of the treaties because they were written in foreign language (German language)
What was the treaty between Mangungo and Carl Peters all about?
To put the whole area of Msovero under the German rule

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE EUROPEANS
Introduction of new cash crops like tea, coffee, cassava and sisal
Abolition of slave trade
Spread of Christianity
Establishment of social services like schools and hospitals
Improvement and establishment of infrastructures like roads and railways

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE EUROPEANS
Destruction of African culture
Exploitation of our resources like minerals

THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

Scramble for means the struggle to get something
Partition means dividing something
Scramble for and partition of the African continent took place during the last quarter of 19^th century after industrial revolution in Europe.
The first European country to undergo industrial revolution was Britain (1750s-1850s)

Berlin conference 1884/1885
Was an imperialists conference which was held in Berlin City in Germany with the aim of dividing African continent peacefully among the European nations under the Chairperson Otto Von Bismarck
Berlin conference was attended by 14 European nations but two of them were just observers because they were claiming nothing in Africa
The countries that attended the conference as an observers were
USA
Denmark

The partition of East Africa
East Africa was not partitioned during the Berlin Conference since it was left under the control of Germany and Britain. These two countries signed two treaties to legalize their presence in East Africa

1886: First Anglo-Germany treaty/Delimitation treaty
Germans were given Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi which were the known as German East Africa and the area from Witu to the north of Mombasa.
British were given the area which is today Kenya.
The Sultan of Zanzibar remained with the islands of Pemba, Unguja and the strip of 16 kilometers along the East Africa coast

1890: Heligoland treaty
This treaty was the modification of Delimitation treaty. In this treaty there was the reallocation of the boundaries and the partition of the areas which were not partitioned before like Uganda.
The agreements made were
Uganda was given to British so British had Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar (British East Africa)
Germany agreed that the British would rule over Witu, Zanzibar and the whole area under the Sultan
The British agreed to give Heligoland Island in the North Sea to the Germans. The Germans liked Heligoland Island because it was an important navy marine base to them
The 16-Kilometres strip were taken from the Sultan of Zanzibar and given to Germany

Note: The common method used to establish colonialism was Conquest
At the beginning they used Chartered Companies to rule the colonies but later on they failed to operate. Example of these companies were GEACO under Carl Peters and BEACO under William Mackinnon